Intra - National Cultural Values : A Systematic Review of Literature and the Way Forward for Comparative Studies in India
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2021/v14i5-7/164690Keywords:
Intra-National Cultures
, Subcultures, Regional Cultures, Inter-Cultural Management, Micro-Cultures, India.JEL Classification Codes, A14, F23, M14, M30.Paper Submission Date
, November 3, 2020, Paper Sent Back for Revision, June 4, 2021, Paper Acceptance Date, June 20, Paper Published Online, July 10, 2021.Abstract
The purpose of this paper was to seek productive directions for intra - national comparison of cultural values in a diverse country such as India. We conducted a systematic review of peer-reviewed literature about subcultures within nations. The review indicated increasing interest in studies of intra-nation cultures. It also demonstrated that more needs to be done in the area of comparing cultural values at the intra-nation level, particularly in diverse non - Western countries. The review indicated the following features as desirable in such research, to make it useful to management :
- Compare geographic units.
- Select values purposefully based on relevance to management.
- Use survey as the source of data.
- Use scales that are as similar to those used in inter - nation studies as practical.
- Report findings as mean scores, ranks, plots, or comparison of pairs.
- Include at least one country-level data point to serve as a reference for a non-domestic audience.
Downloads
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
References
Beemabai, K., & Krishnakumar, K. (2019). Impact of Goods and Service Tax (GST) on MSMEs in India. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 8(9S3), 1235–1240. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.I3273.0789S319
Beugelsdijk, S., Kostova, T., Kunst, V. E., Spadafora, E., & van Essen, M. (2018). Cultural distance and firm internationalization : A meta-analytical review and theoretical implications. Journal of Management, 44(1), 89–130. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206317729027
Beugelsdijk, S., Maseland, R., & van Hoorn, A. (2015). Are scores on Hofstede’s dimensions of national culture stable over time ? A cohort analysis. Global Strategy Journal, 5(3), 223–240. https://doi.org/10.1002/gsj.1098
Bhardwaj, A., Dietz, J., & Beamish, P. W. (2007). Host country cultural influences on foreign direct investment. Management International Review, 47, 29–50. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-007-0003-7
Brons, L. L. (2006). Indirect measurement of regional culture in the Netherlands. Tijdschrift Voor Economische En Sociale Geografie, 97(5), 547–566. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.2006.00363.x
Chalmers, I., & Glasziou, P. (2009). Avoidable waste in the production and reporting of research evidence. The Lancet, 374(9683), 86–89. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60329-9
Coon, H. M., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2001). Cultural orientations in the United States : (Re)examining differences among ethnic groups. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 32(3), 348–364. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022101032003006
Dheer, R., Lenartowicz, T., Peterson, M. F., & Petrescu, M. (2014). Cultural regions of Canada and United States : Implications for international management research. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 14(3), 343–384. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470595814543706
Dheer, R., Lenartowicz, T., & Peterson, M. F. (2015). Mapping India’s regional subcultures : Implications for international management. Journal of International Business Studies, 46(4), 443–467. https://doi.org/10.1057/jibs.2014.70
Dolan, S. L., DÃez-Piñol, M., Fernández-Alles, M., MartÃn-Prius, A., & MartÃnez-Fierro, S. (2004). Exploratory study of within–country differences in work and life values : The case of Spanish business students. International Journal of Cross Cultural Management, 4(2), 157–180. https://doi.org/10.1177/1470595804044747
Eagly, A. H., & Wood, W. (1994). Using research syntheses to plan future research. In, The handbook of research synthesis. (pp. 485–500). Russell Sage Foundation.
Fontaine, R., & Richardson, S. (2005). Cultural values in Malaysia : Chinese, Malays and Indians compared. Cross Cultural Management : An International Journal, 12(4), 63–77. https://doi.org/10.1108/13527600510798141
Gelfand, M. J., Aycan, Z., Erez, M., & Leung, K. (2017). Cross-cultural industrial organizational psychology and organizational behavior : A hundred-year journey. Journal of Applied Psychology, 102(3), 514–529. https://doi.org/10.1037/apl0000186
Götz, F. M., Ebert, T., & Rentfrow, P. J. (2018). Regional cultures and the psychological geography of Switzerland : Person–environment–fit in personality predicts subjective wellbeing. Frontiers in Psychology, 9(APR), 1–16. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00517
Gupta, S., & Bhaskar, A. U. (2016). Doing business in India : Cross-cultural issues in managing human resources. Cross Cultural and Strategic Management, 23(1), 184–204. https://doi.org/10.1108/CCSM-09-2014-0112
Hall, E. T. (1959). The silent language. Double Day & Company, Inc.
Hall, E. T. (1960). The silent language in overseas business. Harvard Business Review, 38(3), 87–96.
Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s consequences : International differences in work-related values. Sage Publications.
Hofstede, G. (1982). Scoring guide for values survey module, 1982 version. IRIC, Rijksuuniversiteit Limburg.
Hofstede, G. (1994). VSM94 (Values Survey Module 1994). Manual and various language versions (English, French, German, Spanish). IRIC, Tilburg, Netherlands.
Hofstede, G. (2001). Culture’s consequences (2nd ed.). Sage Publications, Inc.
Hofstede, G., Garibaldi de Hilal, A. V., Malvezzi, S., Tanure, B., & Vinken, H. (2010). Comparing regional cultures within a country : Lessons from Brazil. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 41(3), 336–352. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022109359696
Hofstede, G., Hofstede, G., & Minkov, M. (2010). Cultures and organizations : Software of the mind (3rd ed.). McGraw - Hill.
House, R. J., Hanges, P. J., Javidan, M., Dorfman, P. W., & Gupta, V. (Eds.). (2004). Culture, leadership, and organizations : The GLOBE study of 62 societies. Sage Publications, Inc.
Inglehart, R., & Baker, W. E. (2000). Modernization, cultural change, and the persistence of traditional values. American Sociological Review, 65(1), 19–51. https://doi.org/10.2307/2657288
James, R., & Jones, R. (2014). Transferring the Toyota lean cultural paradigm into India : Implications for human resource management. International Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(15), 2174–2191. https://doi.org/10.1080/09585192.2013.862290
Kirkman, B. L., Lowe, K. B., & Gibson, C. B. (2006). A quarter century of Culture’s Consequences : A review of empirical research incorporating Hofstede's cultural values framework. Journal of International Business Studies, 37, 285–320. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400202
Kirkman, B. L., Lowe, K. B., & Gibson, C. B. (2017). A retrospective on Culture’s Consequences : The 35-year journey. Journal of International Business Studies, 48(1), 12–29. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41267-016-0037-9
Kumari, N., & Singh, D. (2018). Impact of organizational culture on employee performance. Prabandhan : Indian Journal of Management, 11(6), 53–63. https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2018/v11i6/128442
Lenartowicz, T., Johnson, J. P., & White, C. T. (2003). The neglect of intracountry cultural variation in international management research. Journal of Business Research, 56(12), 999–1008. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0148-2963(01)00314-9
Lenartowicz, T., & Roth, K. (1999). A framework for culture assessment. Journal of International Business Studies, 30(4), 781–798.
Lenartowicz, T., & Roth, K. (2001). Does subculture within a country matter ? A cross-cultural study of motivational domains and business performance in Brazil. Journal of International Business Studies, 32(2), 305–325. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490954
Louahabi, Y., Moustaghfir, K., & Cseh, M. (2020). Testing Hofstede’s 6-D model in the North and Northwest regions of Morocco : Implications for human resource development. Human Systems Management, 39(1), 105–115. https://doi.org/10.3233/HSM-190615
Marcus, J., Kahraman, F., Su, S., & Fritzsche, B. A. (2019). Capturing intranational cultural variation in international business research : Microsocietal differences in collectivism across Turkey. Journal of World Business, 54(6), 101020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jwb.2019.101020
McSweeney, B. (2009). Dynamic diversity : Variety and variation within countries. Organization Studies, 30(9), 933–957. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840609338983
Minkov, M. (2007). What makes us different and similar : A new interpretation of the world values survey and other cross-cultural data. Klasika y Stil Publishing House.
Morris, M., & Schindehutte, M. (2005). Entrepreneurial values and the ethnic enterprise : An examination of six subcultures. Journal of Small Business Management, 43(4), 453–479. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-627X.2005.00147.x
Murugesan, R., & Poovendhan, M. (2016). Analysis of factors determining the inward FDI in top seven Indian states from top seven source countries using gravity model. International Journal of Economics and Business Research, 11(3), 209–230. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJEBR.2016.076152
Pau Huo, Y., & Randall, D. M. (1991). Exploring subcultural differences in Hofstede’s value survey : The case of the Chinese. Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 8, 159–173. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01731938
Peng, M. W., & Lebedev, S. (2017). Intra-national business (IB). Asia Pacific Journal of Management, 34(2), 241–245. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10490-017-9507-2
Peppas, S. C. (2001). Subcultural similarities and differences : An examination of US core values. Cross Cultural Management : An International Journal, 8(1), 59–70. https://doi.org/10.1108/13527600110797209
Pillania, R. K. (2021). The state of spirituality in India and insights for marketing. Indian Journal of Marketing, 51(3), 21–31. https://doi.org/10.17010/ijom/2021/v51/i3/158061
Ralston, D. A., Thang, N. V., & Napier, N. K. (1999). A comparative study of the work values of North and South Vietnamese managers. Journal of International Business Studies, 30(4), 655–672. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8490889
Robertson, C. J., & Nico Suárez Guerrero, C. (2009). An empirical test of Peruvian subcultural values. Cross Cultural Management : An International Journal, 16(2), 215–229. https://doi.org/10.1108/13527600910953946
Rokeach, M. (1973). The nature of human values. Free Press.
Saboori, F., Pishghadam, R., Fatemi, A. H., & Ghonsooli, B. (2015). Development and validation of a Cultural Dimensions Scale (CDS) and its application in an Iranian context. Mediterranean Journal of Social Sciences, 6(4), 367–378. https://doi.org/10.5901/mjss.2015.v6n4s3p367
Schwartz, S. H. (1992a.). Cultural dimensions of values - Towards an understanding of national differences. International Journal of Psychology, 27 (3–4), 540.
Schwartz, S. H. (1992b.). Universals in the content and structure of values : Theoretical advances and empirical tests in 20 countries. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 25(C), 1–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60281-6
Schwartz, S. H. (1994). Are there universal aspects in the structure and contents of human values ? Journal of Social Issues, 50(4), 19–45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1540-4560.1994.tb01196.x
Schwartz, S. (2002). Value priorities and behavior : Applying a theory of integrated value systems. Psicodebate, 2, 119–144. https://doi.org/10.18682/pd.v2i0.514
Schwartz, S. H., Cieciuch, J., Vecchione, M., Davidov, E., Fischer, R., Beierlein, C., Ramos, A., Verkasalo, M., Lönnqvist, J. E., Demirutku, K., Dirilen-Gumus, O., & Konty, M. (2012). Refining the theory of basic individual values. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 103(4), 663–688. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0029393
Sinha, J. B. (1990). The salient Indian values and their socio-ecological roots. Indian Journal of Social Sciences, 3(4), 478–488.
Sinha, J. B., Daftuar, C. N., Gupta, R. K., Mishra, R. C., Jayseetha, R., Jha, S. S., Verma, J., & Vijayakumar, V. S. (1994). Regional similarities and differences in people’s beliefs, practices and preferences. Psychology and Developing Societies, 6(2), 131–149. https://doi.org/10.1177/097133369400600204
Sinha, J. B., Gupta, P., Singh, S., Srinivas, E. S., & Vijaykumar, V. S. (2001). Societal beliefs, organizational climate, and managers’ self-perceptions. Vikalpa : The Journal for Decision Makers, 26(1), 33–48. https://doi.org/10.1177/0256090920010104
Sinha, J. B., Sinha, R. B., Bhupatkar, A. P., Sukumaran, A., Gupta, P., Gupta, R., Panda, A., Singh, S., Singh-Sengupta, S., & Srinnas, E. S. (2004). Facets of societal and organisational cultures and managers’ work related thoughts and feelings. Psychology and Developing Societies, 16(1), 1–25. https://doi.org/10.1177/097133360401600101
Sinha, J. B., Vohra, N., Singhal, S., Sinha, R. B., & Ushashree, S. (2002). Normative predictions of collectivist - individualist intentions and behaviour of Indians. International Journal of Psychology, 37(5), 309–319. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207590244000124
Suharnomo, & Syahruramdhan, F. N. (2018). Cultural value differences among ethnic groups in Indonesia : Are Hofstede’s Indonesian findings still relevant ? Journal for Global Business Advancement, 11(1), 6–21. https://doi.org/10.1504/JGBA.2018.093168
Super, D. E. (1970). Work values inventory. Houghton Mifflin.
Taras, V., Steel, P., & Kirkman, B. L. (2016). Does country equate with culture ? Beyond geography in the search for cultural boundaries. Management International Review, 56(4), 455–487. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11575-016-0283-x
Terpstra - Tong, J. L., Terpstra, R. H., & Tee, D. D. (2014). Convergence and divergence of individual–level values : A study of Malaysian managers. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 17(3), 236–243. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajsp.12062
These 20 countries will dominate global growth in 2024 (2019, October 19). Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles
Tian, M., Deng, P., Zhang, Y., & Salmador, M. P. (2018). How does culture influence innovation ? A systematic literature review. Management Decision, 56(5), 1088–1107. https://doi.org/10.1108/MD-05-2017-0462
Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism & collectivism. Routledge.
Trompenaars, A. M. R. (1985). The organization of meaning and the meaning of organization : A comparative study on the conceptions of organizational structure in different cultures (Dissertation). University of Pennsylvania, ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1985. 8515460.
Trompenaars, F., & Hampden - Turner, C. (1993). Riding the waves of culture : Understanding cultural diversity in business. Nicholas Brealey International.
Tsui, A. S., Nifadkar, S., & Ou, A. Y. (2007). Cross-national, cross-cultural organizational behavior research : Advances, gaps, and recommendations. Journal of Management, 33(3), 426–478. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206307300818
Tung, R. (2008). The cross-cultural research imperative : The need to balance cross-national and intra-national diversity. Journal of International Business Studies, 39(1), 41–46. https://doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.jibs.8400331
Vandello, J. A., & Cohen, D. (1999). Patterns of individualism and collectivism across the United States. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77(2), 279–292. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.77.2.279
Yadav, R. K., & Mohania, S. (2020). Merger of public sector banks : A case of Chennai Bank Ltd. and Bhopal Bank Ltd. Prabandhan : Indian Journal of Management, 13(2), 50–58. https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2020/v13i2/150564
Yamawaki, N. (2012). Within-culture variations of collectivism in Japan. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 43(8), 1191–1204. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022111428171
