Positive Leadership : Qualitative Leadership Research Using Deductive Pattern Matching Approach

Authors

  •   Puja Khatri Professor, HR-OB, University School of Management Studies, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Sector 16C, Dwarka, New Delhi - 110 078
  •   Neeraj Kaushik Associate Professor & HOD, Department of Business Administration, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra - 136 119, Haryana
  •   Neeraj Kaushik Associate Professor & HOD, Department of Business Administration, National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra - 136 119, Haryana
  •   Preeti Kumari Research Scholar, University School of Management Studies, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Sector 16C, Dwarka, New Delhi - 110 078
  •   Preeti Kumari Research Scholar, University School of Management Studies, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Sector 16C, Dwarka, New Delhi - 110 078

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2022/v15i4/169247

Keywords:

Positive Leadership

, Systematic Literature Review, Deductive Qualitative Analysis, Pattern Matching, Case Study Research.

JEL Classification Codes

, D23, M12, M10.

Paper Submission Date

, August 20, 2021, Paper Sent Back for Revision, January 18, 2022, Paper Acceptance Date, March 10, Paper Published Online, April 15, 2022.

Abstract

As the business environment has become more complex, the need for a positive leader has emerged. The present research attempted to study positive leadership using review and qualitative methods. The study focused on exploring the dimensions of positive leadership through a systematic review of literature. Additionally, we employed a case study method to map Ratan Tata's leadership traits with a positive leader using deductive thematic analysis and pattern matching approach supported by word cloud and sentiment analysis. Twenty-nine interviews and speeches from 1994 to 2020 were transcribed and coded in NVivo to frame Word query. Also, sentiment analysis on tweets connected with #Ratan Tata was collected and exported using NCapture in QSR NVivo software. This study provided explicit dimensions of positive leadership and qualitatively confirmed Ratan Tata as a positive leader using a pattern-matching approach. This was supported by word cloud and sentiment analysis. The results unfolded the dimensions of positive leaders for future researchers to explore empirically. It can also provide guidelines to practitioners for designing a training module for budding entrepreneurs and leaders to navigate through challenging times.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Puja Khatri, Professor, HR-OB, University School of Management Studies, Guru Gobind Singh Indraprastha University, Sector 16C, Dwarka, New Delhi - 110 078

ORCID iD : https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3154-0865

Downloads

Published

2022-04-13

How to Cite

Khatri, P., Kaushik, N., Kaushik, N., Kumari, P., & Kumari, P. (2022). Positive Leadership : Qualitative Leadership Research Using Deductive Pattern Matching Approach. Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management, 15(4), 8–27. https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2022/v15i4/169247

Issue

Section

Articles

References

Acton, B. P., Foti, R. J., Lord, R. G., & Gladfelter, J. A. (2019). Putting emergence back in leadership emergence: A dynamic, multilevel, process-oriented framework. Leadership Quarterly, 30(1), 145–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2018.07.002

Adams, B. G., Meyers, M. C., & Sekaja, L. (2020). Positive leadership: Relationships with employee inclusion, discrimination, and well-being. Applied Psychology, 69(4), 1145–1173. https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12230

Adikaram, A. S., Priyankara, H. P., & Naotunna, N. P. (2021). Navigating the crises of COVID-19: Human resource professionals battle against the pandemic. South Asian Journal of Human Resources Management, 8(2), 192–218. https://doi.org/10.1177/23220937211018021

Aijaz, B. (2021, June 25). How Ratan Tata took “revenge†on ford for his “humiliation†in 1999. India Times. https://www.indiatimes.com/trending/human-interest/ratan-tata-revenge-on-ford-jaguar-land-rover-543532.html

Alvesson, M. (2020). Upbeat leadership: A recipe for–or against–“successful†leadership studies. The Leadership Quarterly, 31(6), 101439. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2020.101439

Alvesson, M., & Einola, K. (2019). Warning for excessive positivity : Authentic leadership and other traps in leadership studies. The Leadership Quarterly, 30(4), 383–395. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2019.04.001

Avey, J. B., Avolio, B. J., & Luthans, F. (2011). Experimentally analyzing the impact of leader positivity on follower positivity and performance. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(2), 282–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2011.02.004

Babu, S. (2017, November 22). Ratan Tata: The visionary. The Hindu. https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/variety/Ratan-Tata-The-visionary/article20545504.ece

Bandura, A. (1986). The explanatory and predictive scope of self-efficacy theory. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 4(3), 359–373. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1521/jscp.1986.4.3.359

Baur, J. E., Haynie, J. J., Buckley, M. R., Palar, J. M., Novicevic, M. M., & Humphreys, J. H. (2018). When things go from bad to worse : The impact of relative contextual extremity on Benjamin Montgomery's positive leadership and psychological capital. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 25(3), 323–338. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051817753342

Biswas, W., & Chakraborty, D. (2019). Impact of organizational values, compassion, and well-being on industrial disputes: An empirical study. Prabandhan : Indian Journal of Management, 12(1), 36–51. https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2019/v12i1/141427

Cameron, K. (2008). Positively deviant organizational performance and the role of leadership values. The Journal of Values-Based Leadership, 1(1), Article 8.

Cameron, K. S. (2011). Responsible leadership as virtuous leadership. Journal of Business Ethics, 98(S1), 25–35. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-011-1023-6

Cameron, K., & Plews, E. (2012). Positive leadership in action: Applications of POS by Jim Mallozzi, CEO, Prudential Real Estate and Relocation. Organizational Dynamics, 41(2), 99–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2012.01.003

Cameron, K., Quinn, R. E., & Caldwell, C. (2017). Positive leadership and adding value–A lifelong journey. International Journal of Public Leadership, 13(2), 59–63. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJPL-12-2016-0055

Chakraborty, D., Santra, A., & Dhara, S. K. (2019). Factors affecting the liquid workforce in different organizations and its effectiveness. Prabandhan : Indian Journal of Management, 12(4), 44–60. https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2019/v12i4/143348

Cho, I., Diaz, I., & Chiaburu, D. S. (2017). Blindsided by linearity? Curvilinear effect of leader behaviors. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 38(2), 146–163. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-04-2015-0075

Choudhary, M. (2017, March 4). Ratan Tata thanks staff for support during recent crisis. Hindustan Times. https://www.hindustantimes.com/ranchi/ratan-tata-thanks-staff-for-support-during-recent-crisis/story-0484T2fnSnGbmsK5UT9EJJ.html

Cortellazzo, L., Bruni, E., & Zampieri, R. (2019). The role of leadership in a digitalized world : A review. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1–21. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01938

Crewe, S., & Girardi, A. (2020). Nurse managers: Being deviant to make a difference. Journal of Management & Organization, 26(3), 324–339. https://doi.org/10.1017/jmo.2019.72

Dalal, S., & Basu, D. (2007, November 8). Those of us who head industries, ought to focus on what we can really do to make the world a safer place, 50 or 100 years from now†— Ratan Tata. MoneyLife. https://www.moneylife.in/article/those-of-us-who-head-industries-ought-to-focus-on-what-we-can-really-do-to-make-the-world-a-safer-place-50-or-100-years-from-now-ratan-tata/1825.html

Dasgupta, S., & Mukherjee, S. (2013, January 21). Ratan Tata's 20-year tenure: Only a few red marks. Business Standard. https://www.business-standard.com/article/companies/ratan-tata-s-20-year-tenure-only-a-few-red-marks-111120600091_1.html

Dawson, A., Irving, P. G., Sharma, P., Chirico, F., & Marcus, J. (2014). Behavioural outcomes of next-generation family members' commitment to their firm. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 23(4), 570–581. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2013.781155

Day, D. V., & Antonakik, J. (2012). Leadership: Past, present, and future. In D. V. Day & J. Antonakis (eds.), The nature of leadership (2nd ed., pp. 3–28). Sage Publications. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781506395029.n1

Did you know Ratan Tata wanted to be an architect as the profession motivated him? (2020, April 21). The Economic Times. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/magazines/panache/did-you-know-ratan-tata-wanted-to-be-an-architect-as-the-profession-motivated-him/articleshow/75267060.cms?from=mdr

Frantz, R. (2020, July 23). Startups can be the silver lining to the pandemic: Ratan Tata at YS Leadership Talk. YourStory. https://yourstory.com/2020/07/startups-pandemic-ratan-tata-leadership-covid-19/amp

Gordon, J. (2017). The power of positive leadership. Wiley.

Hareli, S., & Hess, U. (2012). The social signal value of emotions. Cognition and Emotion, 26(3), 385–389. https://doi.org/10.1080/02699931.2012.665029

Hoch, J. E., Bommer, W. H., Dulebohn, J. H., & Wu, D. (2018). Do ethical, authentic, and servant leadership explain variance above and beyond transformational leadership? A meta-analysis. Journal of Management, 44(2), 501–529. https://doi.org/10.1177/0149206316665461

Hyde, K. F. (2000). Recognising deductive processes in qualitative research. Qualitative Market Research: An International Journal, 3(2), 82–90. https://doi.org/10.1108/13522750010322089

I hope group grows and shines in coming years. (2012, December 29). Financial Express. https://www.financialexpress.com/archive/i-hope-group-grows-and-shines-in-coming-years/1051559/

Ilies, R., Curşeu, P. L., Dimotakis, N., & Spitzmuller, M. (2013). Leaders' emotional expressiveness and their behavioural and relational authenticity: Effects on followers. European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 22(1), 4–14. https://doi.org/10.1080/1359432X.2011.626199

Imam, H., Naqvi, M. B., Naqvi, S. A., & Chambel, M. J. (2020). Authentic leadership: Unleashing employee creativity through empowerment and commitment to the supervisor. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 41(6), 847–864. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-05-2019-0203

Jaiswal, N. K., & Dhar, R. L. (2017). The influence of servant leadership, trust in leader and thriving on employee creativity. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 38(1), 2–21. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-02-2015-0017

James, E. H., Wooten, L. P., & Dushek, K. (2011). Crisis management: Informing a new leadership research agenda. The Academy of Management Annals, 5(1), 455–493. https://doi.org/10.1080/19416520.2011.589594

Kaipa, P., & Kriger, M. (2010). Empowerment, vision, and positive leadership : An interview with Alan Mulally, Former CEO, Boeing Commercial — Current CEO, Ford Motor Company. Journal of Management Inquiry, 19(2), 110–115. https://doi.org/10.1177/1056492609355749

Kelloway, E. K., Weigand, H., Mckee, M. C., & Das, H. (2013). Positive leadership and employee well-being. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 20(1), 107–117. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051812465892

Khanna, T. (2015, April 27). Interview with Ratan Naval Tata. Baker Library Historical Collections, Harvard Business School. https://www.hbs.edu/businesshistory/Documents/emerging-markets-transcripts/Tata_Ratan_Web_Transcript.pdf

Kiersch, C. E., & Byrne, Z. S. (2015). Is being authentic being fair ? Multilevel examination of authentic leadership, justice, and employee outcomes. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 22(3), 292–303. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051815570035

Labrague, L. J. (2020). Influence of nurse managers' toxic leadership behaviours on nurse - reported adverse events and quality of care. Journal of Nursing Management, 29(4), 855–863. https://doi.org/10.1111/jonm.13228

Lee, A., Willis, S., & Tian, A. W. (2017). Empowering leadership : A meta-analytic examination of incremental contribution, mediation, and moderation. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 39(3), 306–325. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2220

Liu, J. U., Kwan, H. O., Lee, C., & Hui, C. (2013). Work-to-family spillover effects of workplace ostracism : The role of work-home segmentation preferences. Human Resource Management, 52(1), 75–94. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm

Luthans, F., & Youssef-Morgan, C. M. (2017). Psychological capital : An evidence-based positive approach. Annual Review of Organizational Psychology and Organizational Behavior, 4(3), 39–66. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-orgpsych-032516-113324

Marmenout, K. (2011). Peer interaction in mergers: Evidence of collective rumination. Human Resource Management, 50(6), 783–808. https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.20458

Menezes, R., & Pandey, S. (2017). Q&A with Ratan Tata. Stanford Social Innovation Review, 12–13. https://doi.org/10.48558/3deq-xh91

Meyer, M., Sison, A. J., & Ferrero, I. (2019). How positive and neo - Aristotelian leadership can contribute to ethical leadership. Canadian Journal of Administrative Sciences/Revue Canadienne Des Sciences de l'Administration, 36(3), 390–403. https://doi.org/10.1002/cjas.1511

Mills, M. J., Fleck, C. R., & Kozikowski, A. (2013). Positive psychology at work: A conceptual review, state-of-practice assessment, and a look ahead. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 8(2), 153–164. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2013.776622

Moher, D., Liberati, A., Tetzlaff, J., Altman, D. G., & The PRISMA Group. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Medicine, 6(7), e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097

Money Control. (2021, July 12). Architecture degree helped build sensitivity for business, says Ratan Tata. https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/architecture-degree-helped-build-sensitivity-for-business-says-ratan-tata-7155681.html

Murphy, S. E., & Ensher, E. A. (2008). A qualitative analysis of charismatic leadership in creative teams : The case of television directors. The Leadership Quarterly, 19(3), 335–352. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2008.03.006

Norzom, T. (2020, December 28). Unforgettable words of wisdom from industrialist, investor, and philanthropist Ratan Tata on his 83rd birthday. YourStory. https://yourstory.com/2020/12/quote-wisdom-industry-ratan-tata-magnate/amp

Pearse, N. (2019). An illustration of a deductive pattern matching procedure in qualitative leadership research. Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods, 17(3), 143–154. https://doi.org/10.34190/JBRM.17.3.004

Piccarozzi, M., Aquilani, B., & Gatti, C. (2018). Industry 4.0 in management studies : A systematic literature review. Sustainability, 10(10). https://doi.org/10.3390/su10103821

Prabhu, K. P., Rodrigues, L. L., & Pai, Y. (2019). Transformational leadership and workplace spirituality: A structural model of team effectiveness. Prabandhan : Indian Journal of Management, 12(4), 7–22. https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2019/v12i4/143344

Punj, V. (2021, July 10). Ratan Tata did not opt for his dream profession despite a Cornell degree. Mint. https://www.livemint.com/news/ratan-tata-did-not-opt-for-this-profession-despite-a-cornell-degree-11625931149920.html

Ramaprasad, B. S., Prabhu, K. P., Lakshminarayanan, S., & Pai, Y. P. (2017). Human resource management practices and organizational commitment : A comprehensive review (2001-2016). Prabandhan : Indian Journal of Management, 10(10), 7–23. https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2017/v10i10/118810

Ratan Tata misses being an architect, says it renders deeper sense of humanism. (2020, April 20). Business Today. In. https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/ratan-tata-misses-being-an-architect-says-it-renders-deeper-sense-of-humanism-255944-2020-04-20

Ratan Tata's farewell letter to all Tata employees. (2012, December 28). NDTV. https://www.ndtv.com/business/ratan-tatas-farewell-letter-to-all-tata-employees-315315

Ratan Tata's heart-warming post on Instagram traces his Cornell days. (2019, November 20). Business Today. In. https://www.businesstoday.in/latest/trends/story/ratan-tata-heart-warming-post-instagram-traces-cornell-days-238626-2019-11-20

Ritzenhöfer, L., Brosi, P., Spörrle, M., & Welpe, I. M. (2019). Satisfied with the job, but not with the boss: Leaders' expressions of gratitude and pride differentially signal leader selfishness, resulting in differing levels of followers' satisfaction. Journal of Business Ethics, 158(4), 1185–1202. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-017-3746-5

Rudolph, U., & Tscharaktschiew, N. (2014). An attributional analysis of moral emotions : Naïve scientists and everyday judges. Emotion Review, 6(4), 344–352. https://doi.org/10.1177/1754073914534507

Sangani, P. (2007, November 30). Tata Tea's strategies for that global cup of tea. The Economic Times. https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/company/corporate-trends/tata-teas-strategies-for-that-global-cup-of-tea/articleshow/2585865.cms?from=mdr

S&P Capital IQ. (2021). Tata Sons plc financial report 1/30/2000 to 09/30/2012. https://www.capitaliq.com/

Schimschal, S. E., & Lomas, T. (2019). Gritty leaders: The impact of grit on positive leadership capacity. Psychological Reports, 122(4), 1449–1470. https://doi.org/10.1177/0033294118785547

Searle, T. P., & Barbuto, J. E. (2013). A multilevel framework: Expanding and bridging micro and macro levels of positive behavior with leadership. Journal of Leadership & Organizational Studies, 20(3), 274–286. https://doi.org/10.1177/1548051813485133

Seppälä, E., & Cameron, K. (2015, December). Proof that positive work cultures are more productive. Harvard Business Review. https://hbr.org/2015/12/proof-that-positive-work-cultures-are-more-productive#:~:text=As a consequence%2C a happy,positive emotions and well-being

Sharma, S. (2019, December 9). [YS Exclusive] Inside the home and heart of Ratan Tata, the man behind one of India's oldest business empires. YourStory. https://yourstory.com/2019/12/exclusive-ratan-tata-interview-life-dreams-equal-opportunity-india/amp

Smallfield, J., Hoobler, J. M., & Kluemper, D. H. (2020). How team helping influences abusive and empowering leadership: The roles of team affective tone and performance. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 41(8), 757–781. https://doi.org/10.1002/job.2450

Söderhjelm, T. M., Larsson, G., Sandahl, C., Björklund, C., & Palm, K. (2018). The importance of confidence in leadership role. Leadership & Organization Development Journal, 39(1), 114–129. https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-12-2016-0307

Startup Stories. (2017). Ratan Tata inspirational video. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=49Xn3edL2DY

Sukheja, B. (2021, May 25). Tata Steel to continue salaries for COVID victims' families, netizens “touched by thought.†Republic World. https://www.republicworld.com/india-news/general-news/tata-steel-to-continue-salaries-for-covid-victims-families-netizens-touched-by-thought.html

Swain, J., & Korenman, L. (2018). In their humble opinion : How expressions of humility affect superiors' assessments of leadership potential in the US Army. Military Psychology, 30(6), 507–527. https://doi.org/10.1080/08995605.2018.1503002

Tata Group. (2022). Brewing a culture of warmth and belonging. Tata.com. https://www.tata.com/newsroom/starbucks-brewing-a-culture-of-warmth-and-belonging

Tyagi, H. (2021, May 24). Family of Tata Steel employees, who passed away due to COVID, to get salary till 60 yrs of age of the deceased. Times Now. https://www.timesnownews.com/business-economy/companies/article/family-of-tata-steel-employees-who-passed-away-due-to-covid-to-get-salary-till-60-yrs-of-age-of-the-deceased/761169

Van Der Walt, L., & Coller - Peter, S. V. (2020). Coaching for development of leaders ' awareness of integrity : An evidence-based approach. South African Journal of Business Management, 51(1), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.4102/sajbm.v51i1.1943

Van Kleef, G. A. (2014). Understanding the positive and negative effects of emotional expressions in organizations: EASI does it. Human Relations, 67(9), 1145–1164. https://doi.org/10.1177/0018726713510329

Van Kleef, G. A., Homan, A. C., & Cheshin, A. (2012). Emotional influence at work : Take it EASI. Organizational Psychology Review, 2(4), 311–339. https://doi.org/10.1177/2041386612454911

Wallis, N. C., Yammarino, F. J., & Feyerherm, A. (2011). Individualized leadership: A qualitative study of senior executive leaders. The Leadership Quarterly, 22(1), 182–206. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.leaqua.2010.12.015

Walsh, B. M., Lee, J., Jensen, J. M., McGonagle, A. K., & Samnani, A. - K. (2018). Positive leader behaviors and workplace incivility: The mediating role of perceived norms for respect. Journal of Business and Psychology, 33(4), 495–508. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10869-017-9505-x

Wu, W. - L., & Lee, Y. - C. (2017). Empowering group leaders encourages knowledge sharing: Integrating the social exchange theory and positive organizational behavior perspective. Journal of Knowledge Management, 21(2), 474–491. https://doi.org/10.1108/JKM-08-2016-0318

Yadav, D. K., Yadav, J., & Malik, R. (2019). E-HRM: A paradigm shift in HR practices and its effects on perception of employees towards accepting this new technology. Prabandhan : Indian Journal of Management, 12(2), 23–39. https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2019/v12i2/141754

Yin, R. (2014). Case study research, design and methods (5th ed.). Sage.

Youssef-Morgan, C. M., & Luthans, F. (2013). Positive leadership : Meaning and application across cultures. Organizational Dynamics, 42(3), 198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orgdyn.2013.06.005