Impact of Board Composition on Bank Performance : Evidence from the Indian Banking Sector

Authors

  •   Amit Kumar Singh Professor , Department of Commerce, Delhi School of Economics, University Enclave, Delhi - 110007.
  •   Varda Sardana Assistant Professor , Department of Commerce, Shri Ram College of Commerce, University Enclave, Delhi - 110 007
  •   Shubham Singhania Research Scholar , USME, DTU (Corr esponding Author), DTU East Campus Block E, Jhilmil Colony, Delhi - 110 095
  •   Aditya Vikram Assistant Professor (Guest), Gargi College, University of Delhi, Siri Fort Rd, Siri Fort Institutional Area, Siri Fort, New Delhi - 110 049
  •   Arun Kumar Attree Assistant Professor , Shaheed Bhagat Singh College of Commerce, Iron Railing Rd, Phase II, Sheikh Sarai, New Delhi - 110 017

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2022/v15i11/172520

Keywords:

Board of Directors

, Board Composition, Resource Dependency Theory, Agency Theory, Bank Performance, Corporate Governance

JELClassification Codes

, G21, G28, G32, M48

Paper Submission Date

, June 15, 2022, Paper sent back for Revision, October 30, Paper Acceptance Date, November 4, Paper Published Online, November 15, 2022

Abstract

India has recently witnessed a set of banking frauds, pointing toward the possibility of loose corporate governance mechanisms in the banking sector. The present study aimed to evaluate the composition of the board of directors in terms of the corporate governance parameters to assess whether they impacted the performance of the listed Indian banks. The hypothesis for the same was formulated based on the agency and the resource dependency theory . The study made use of the 34 public as well as private sector banks listed on the Bombay Stock Exchange 500 for a period of 12 years (2010–2022). The analysis was conducted using the STAT A software’s fixed-effect panel data regression model. The results suggested that board size, percentage of women directors, and percentage of independent directors on the board of banks impacted the financial performance of these banks. The study shed light on the mechanism and ways to improve bank performance using corporate governance parameters. It makes valuable contributions to the literature on corporate governance and shall be helpful for both managers and policymakers in formulating regulatory guidelines.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Downloads

Published

2022-11-01

How to Cite

Kumar Singh, A., Sardana, V., Singhania, S., Vikram, A., & Kumar Attree, A. (2022). Impact of Board Composition on Bank Performance : Evidence from the Indian Banking Sector. Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management, 15(11), 8–23. https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2022/v15i11/172520

References

Adams, R. B., & Mehran, H. (2012). Bank board structure and performance: Evidence for large bank holding companies. Journal of Financial Intermediation, 21(2), 243 –267. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfi.2011.09.002

Adams, R. B., Hermalin, B. E., & Weisbach, M. S. (2010). The role of boards of directors in corporate governance: A conceptual framework and survey. Journal of Economic Literature, 48(1), 58–107. https://www.jstor.org/stable/40651578

Agnihotri, A., & Gupta, S. (2019). Relationship of corporate governance and efficiency of selected public and private sector banks in India. Business Ethics and Leadership, 3(1), 109–117. http://doi.org/10.21272/bel.3(1).109-117.2019

Ahamed, N. (2015). Corporate governance: Panting to keep up with scams. Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management, 8(11), 42–53. http://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2015/v8i11/81253

Alghifari, E. S., Triharjono, S., & Juhaeni, Y. S. (2013). Effect of return on assets (ROA) against Tobin's Q: Studies in food and beverage company in Indonesia stock exchange years 2007– 2011. International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR), 2(1), 722–725. https://www.ijsr.net/get_abstract.php?paper_id=IJSRON2013372

Al-Manaseer, M. F., Al-Hindawi, R. M., Al-Dahiyat, M. A., & Sartawi, I. I. (2012). The impact of corporate governance on the performance of Jordanian banks. European Journal of Scientific Research, 67(3), 349–359.

Armstrong, C. S., Core, J. E., & Guay, W. R. (2014). Do independent directors cause improvements in firm transparency? Journal of Financial Economics, 113(3), 383 –403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2014.05.009

Basel Committee on Banking Supervision. (2018, October 19). Instructions for Basel III monitoring. https://www.bis.org/bcbs/qis/biiiimplmoninstr_oct18.pdf

Berezinets, I., Ilina, Y., & Cherkasskaya, A. (2017). Board structure, board committees and corporate performance in Russia. Managerial Finance, 43(10), 1073–1092. https://doi.org/10.1108/MF-11-2015-0308

Bezawada, B. (2020). Corporate governance practices and bank performance: Evidence from Indian banks. Indian Journal of Finance and Banking, 4(1), 33–41. https://doi.org/10.46281/ijfb.v4i1.502

Bouteska, A. (2021). Correction to: Do board characteristics affect bank performance? Evidence from the Eurozone. Journal of Asset Management, 22, 240. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41260-021-00212-6

Bugeja, M., Matolcsy, Z., & Spiropoulos, H. (2016). The association between gender-diverse compensation committees and CEO compensation. Journal of Business Ethics, 139, 375–390. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-015-2660-y

Bukair, A. A., & Abdul Rahman, A. (2015). Bank performance and board of directors attributes to Islamic banks. International Journal of Islamic and Middle Eastern Finance and Management, 8(3), 291–309. https://doi.org/10.1108/IMEFM-10-2013-0111

Byrd, J., Cooperman, E. S., & Wolfe, G. A. (2010). Director tenure and the compensation of bank CEOs. Managerial Finance, 36(2), 86–102. https://doi.org/10.1108/03074351011014523

Carty, R., & Weiss, G. (2012). Does CEO duality affect corporate performance? Evidence from the US banking crisis. Journal of Financial Regulation and Compliance, 20(1), 26 –40. https://doi.org/10.1108/13581981211199407

Chowdhury, M. A., & Mohd Rasid, M. E. (2016). Determinants of performance of Islamic banks in GCC countries: Dynamic GMM approach. In, D. S. Mutum, M. M. Butt, & M. Rashid (eds.), Advances in Islamic finance, marketing, and management (pp. 49–80). Emerald Group Publishing Limited. https://doi.org/10.1108/978-1-78635-899-820161005

Chung, K. H., & Pruitt, S. W. (1994). A simple approximation of Tobin's q. Financial Management, 23(3), 70–74. https://www.jstor.org/stable/3665623

Doğan, M., Elitaş, B. L., Ağca, V., & Ögel, S. (2013). The impact of CEO duality on firm performance: Evidence from Turkey. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 4(2), 149–155.

Duru, A., Iyengar, R. J., & Zampelli, E. M. (2016). The dynamic relationship between CEO duality and firm performance: The moderating role of board independence. Journal of Business Research, 69(10), 4269–4277. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.04.001

El-Chaarani, H. (2014). The impact of corporate governance on the performance of Lebanese banks. The International Journal of Business and Finance Research, 8(5), 35–46.

Elyasiani, E., & Zhang, L. (2015). Bank holding company performance, risk, and “busy†board of directors. Journal of Banking & Finance, 60, 239–251. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2015.08.022

Field, L., Lowry, M., & Mkrtchyan, A. (2013). Are busy boards detrimental? Journal of Financial Economics, 109(1), 63–82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfineco.2013.02.004

Francis, B. B., Hasan, I., & Wu, Q. (2012). Do corporate boards matter during the current financial crisis? Review of Financial Economics, 21(2), 39–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rfe.2012.03.001

Gafoor, C. P., Mariappan, V., & Thiyagarajan, S. (2018). Board characteristics and bank performance in India. IIMB Management Review, 30(2), 160–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iimb.2018.01.007

Ghosh, S., & Ansari, J. (2018). Board characteristics and financial performance: Evidence from Indian cooperative banks. Journal of Co-Operative Organization and Management, 6(2), 86–93. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcom.2018.06.005

Grove, H., Patelli, L., Victoravich, L. M., & Xu, P. (2011). Corporate governance and performance in the wake of the financial crisis: Evidence from US commercial banks. Corporate Governance: An International Review, 19(5), 418–436. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8683.2011.00882.x

Gupta, J., & Sardana, V. (2021). Deposit insurance and banking risk in India: Empirical evidence on the role of moral hazard. MUDRA: Journal of Finance and Accounting, 8(2), 79–94. https://doi.org/10.17492/jpi.mudra.v8i2.822105

Gupta, L., Sardana, V., Narula, G., & Singhania, S. (2021). Does corporate social responsibility affect corporate financial performance? A myth or a reality. Business Analyst, 42(1), 71–100. https://www.srcc.edu/system/files/Article%204_0.pdf

Haldar, A., Shah, R., & Rao, S. V. (2015). Gender diversity in large listed Indian companies. Corporate Ownership & Control, 12(3–5), 573–580. https://doi.org/10.22495/cocv12i3c5p8

Hausman, J. A., & Taylor, W. E. (1981). Panel data and unobservable individual effects. Econometrica, 49(6), 1377–1398. https://doi.org/10.2307/1911406

Huu Nguyen, A., Thuy Doan, D., & Ha Nguyen, L. (2020). Corporate governance and agency cost: Empirical evidence from Vietnam. Journal of Risk and Financial Management, 13(5), 103. https://doi.org/10.3390/jrfm13050103

Isik, O. (2017). The dynamic association between CEO-duality and bank performance: The moderating role of board size. Research Journal of Business and Management, 4(4), 460–468. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/rjbm/issue/33045/367474

Jain, S., Bagga, T., & Aggarwal, R. (2021). ICICI Bank Ltd. - Quintessence of corporate governance failure and board ineffectiveness. Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management, 14(12), 8–18. https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2021/v14i12/167457

Jensen, M. C., & Meckling, W. H. (1976). Theory of the firm: Managerial behavior, agency costs and ownership structure. Journal of Financial Economics, 3(4), 305–360. https://doi.org/10.1016/0304-405X(76)90026-X

Kakanda, M. M., Salim, B. & Chandren, S. (2017). Corporate governance, risk management disclosure, and firm performance: A theoretical and empirical review perspective. Asian Economic and Financial Review, 7(9), 836–845. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.aefr.2017.79.836.845

Kakkar, D., & Kamboj, G. (2011). Board structure and corporate performance: A causal analysis of select Indian companies. Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management, 4(11), 44–56. https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2011/v4i11/62647

Kaur, M., & Vij, M. (2017). Board characteristics and firm performance: Evidence from banking industry in India. Asian Journal of Accounting & Governance, 8, 39–53. https://doi.org/10.17576/AJAG-2017-08-04

Kiranmai, J., & Mishra, R. K. (2019). Corporate governance practices in listed state -owned enterprises in India: An empirical research. Indian Journal of Corporate Governance, 12(1), 94–121. https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0974686219849760

Kress, J. C. (2018). Board to death: How busy directors could cause the next financial crisis. BCL Rev., 59, 877. https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/bclr59&div=25&id=&page=

Kumar, N., & Singh, J. P. (2013). Effect of board size and promoter ownership on firm value: Some empirical findings from India. Corporate Governance, 13(1), 88–98. https://doi.org/10.1108/14720701311302431

Kumar, N., & Sudesh. (2019). Does corporate governance affect bank performance? Empirical evidence from India. Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management, 12(3), 7–23. https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2019/v12i3/142337

Kumari, P., & Pattanayak, J. K. (2014). Earnings management and corporate governance issues in the banking and finance sector: A review of literature. Prabandhan: Indi an Journal of Management, 7(12), 22–32. https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2014/v7i12/59287

Leone, P., Gallucci, C., & Santulli, R. (2018). How does corporate governance affect bank performance? The mediating role of risk governance. International Journal of Business and Management, 13(10), 212–229. https://doi.org/10.5539/ijbm.v13n10p212

Li, J., & Tang, Y. (2010). CEO hubris and firm risk taking in China: The moderating role of managerial discretion. Academy of Management Journal, 53(1), 45–68. https://doi.org/10.5465/amj.2010.48036912

Liang, Q., Xu, P., & Jiraporn, P. (2013). Board characteristics and Chinese bank performance. Journal of Banking & Finance, 37(8), 2953–2968. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2013.04.018

Majeed, M. K., Jun, J. C., Zia-ur-Rehman, M., Mohsin, M., & Rafiq, M. Z. (2020). The board size and board composition impact on financial performance: An evidence from the Pakistani and Chinese's listed banking sector. The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 7(4), 81–95. https://doi.org/10.13106/jafeb.2020.vol7.no4.81

Malik, M., Wan, D., Ahmad, M. I., Naseem, M. A., & Rehman, R. U. (2014). Role of board size in corporate governance and firm performance applying Pareto approach, Is it cultural phenomena? The Journal of Applied Business Research, 30(5), 1395–1406.

Matta, R., Kochhar, K., Mohapatra, A. K., & Mohanty, D. (2022). Board characteristics and risk disclosure quality by integrated reporters: Evidence from Indian banks. Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management, 15(5), 27–42. https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2022/v15i5/169579

Mbanyele, W. (2020). Do busy directors impede or spur bank performance and bank risks? Event study evidence from Brazil. SAGE Open, 10(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/2158244020933594

Montgomery, C. A., & Wernerfelt, B. (1988). Diversification, Ricardian rents, and Tobin's q. The RAND Journal of Economics, 19(4), 623–632. https://www.jstor.org/stable/2555461

Moreno-Gómez, J., Lafuente, E., & Vaillant, Y. (2018). Gender diversity in the board, women's leadership and business performance. Gender in Management, 33(2), 104–122. https://doi.org/10.1108/GM-05-2017-0058

Ofoeda, I. (2017). Corporate governance and non-bank financial institutions profitability. International Journal of Law and Management, 59(6), 854–875. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJLMA-05-2016-0052

Orazalin, N., & Mahmood, M. (2019). The financial crisis as a wake-up call: Corporate governance and bank performance in an emerging economy. Corporate Governance, 19(1), 80–101. https://doi.org/10.1108/CG-02-2018-0080

Pathan, S., & Faff, R. (2013). Does board structure in banks really affect their performance? Journal of Banking & Finance, 37(5), 1573–1589. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2012.12.016

Patton, A., & Baker, J. C. (1987). Why won't directors rock the boat? Harvard Business Review, 65, 10–12. http://www.sciepub.com/reference/93558

Pfeffer, J., & Salancik, G. R. (2003). The external control of organizations: A resource dependence perspective. Stanford University Press.

Raithatha, M., & Haldar, A. (2021). Are internal governance mechanisms efficient? The case of a developing economy. IIMB Management Review, 33(3), 191–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iimb.2021.08.004

Reserve Bank of India. (2021a). Notifications on corporate governance practices in banks. https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/notification/PDFs/24CORPORATE68CA91B159A2408DB3EBC 479471DD2B4.PDF

Reserve Bank of India. (2021b). Annual report 2020–21. https://rbidocs.rbi.org.in/rdocs/AnnualReport/PDFs/0RBIAR202021_F49F9833694E84C16AA D01BE48F53F6A2.PDF

Saleh, M. W., Latif, R. A., Bakar, F. A., & Maigoshi, Z. S. (2020). The impact of multiple directorships, board characteristics, and ownership on the performance of Palestinian listed companies. International Journal of Accounting, Auditing and Performance Evaluation, 16(1), 63–80. https://dx.doi.org/10.1504/IJAAPE.2020.106774

Sardana, V., & Shukla, A. (2020). Deposit insurance coverage limit: How much is enough? Evidence from India. Indian Journal of Finance and Banking, 4(4), 66–83. https://doi.org/10.46281/ijfb.v4i4.912

Sardana, V., & Singhania, S. (2018). Digital technology in the realm of banking: A review of literature. International Journal of Research in Finance and Management, 1(2), 28–32. https://www.allfinancejournal.com/article/view/12/1-2-8

Sardana, V., & Singhania, S. (2022). Fifty years of research in deposit insurance: A bibliometric analysis and review. FIIB Business Review. https://doi.org/10.1177/23197145221116455

Sarpal, S. (2015). Antecedents of corporate board independence in simultaneous equation framework: Evidence from India. Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management,8(9), 35–46. https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2015/v8i9/77191

Sharma, D., & Dey, K.S. (2020). Do board attributes influence firm performance? Evidence from Indian public sector banks. The Indian Journal of Commerce, 73(3), 27–38.

Shukla, A., Narayanasamy, S., Ayyalusamy, K., & Pandya, S. K. (2020). Influence of independent directors on the market risks of Indian banks. Journal of Asia Business Studies, 15(1), 31–49. https://doi.org/10.1108/JABS-01-2020-0010

Shukla, A., Sivasankaran, N., Singh, P., Kanagaraj, A., & Chakraborty, S. (2021). Do Women directors impact the risk and return of Indian banks? IIM Kozhikode Society & Management Review, 10(1), 44–65. https://doi.org/10.1177/2277975220938013

Singh, A. K., Kota, H. B., Sardana, V., & Singhania, S. (2021). Does gender diversity on board promote corporate social responsibility? An empirical analysis of sustainable development goals. Australasian Accounting, Business and Finance Journal, 15(5), 22–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14453/aabfj.v15i5.3

Singh, A. K., Singhania, S., & Sardana, V. (2019). Do women on boards affect firm's financial performance? Evidence from Indian IPO firms. Australasian Accounting, Business and Finance Journal, 13(2), 53–68. https://doi.org/10.14453/aabfj.v13i2.4

Singh, J., Singhania, S., & Aggrawal, D. (2021). Gender diversity on corporate boards: Review and future research agenda through bibliometric mapping. Corporate Governance & Sustainability Review, 5(3), 57–72. https://doi.org/10.22495/cgsrv5i3p5

Singh, J., Singhania, S., & Aggrawal, D. (2022). Does board gender diversity impact financial performance? Evidence from the Indian IT sector. Society and Business Review, Vol. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/SBR-09-2021-0164

Singhania, S., Singh, J., & Aggrawal, D. (2022). Board committees and financial performance: Exploring the effects of gender diversity in the emerging economy of India. International Journal of Emerging Markets, Vol. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOEM-03-2022-0491

Singhania, S., Singh, R. K., Singh, A. K., & Sardana, V. (2022). Corporate governance and risk management: A bibliometric mapping for future research agenda. Indian Journal of Corporate Governance, 1–33. https://doi.org/10.1177/09746862221126351

Sitaraman, S., Borde, N., & Desai, P. H. (2022). Analyzing the gender gap in patents: A lesson from startups. Prabandhan: Indian Journal of Management, 15(9), 8–24. https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2022/v15i9/172192