Evolution of Trans-Social Entrepreneurship in India : An Untold Journey from 1990–2025
Authors
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Komal Diwakar
Assistant Professor (Corresponding Author), School of Commerce & Management, Sanjivani University, Kopargaon - 423 601, Maharashtra
https://orcid.org/0009-0009-7557-2111
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Pretty Bhalla
Professor, Mittal School of Business, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara - 144 401, Punjab
https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0291-0748
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.17010/pijom/2026/v19i1/173825Keywords:
transgender entrepreneurship, social inclusion, LGBTQ+ livelihoods, social enterprises, India.JEL Classification Codes : J15, J78, L26, M14, O35, O53
Publication Chronology: Paper Submission Date : January 15, 2025 ; Paper sent back for Revision : June 20, 2025 ; Paper Acceptance Date : November 30, 2025 ; Paper Published Online : January 15, 2026
Abstract
Background : According to the Census of 2011, there were approximately 5 lakh transgender people in India. Furthermore, a report prepared by the National Human Rights Commission (2018) showed that 96% of transgender people are denied employment because of gender discrimination. In coming up with ways to solve the unemployment problem, we had numerous accounts of transgender social entrepreneurs who are self-employed and were generating jobs for their community members.
Purpose : This paper explored the development of transgender social entrepreneurship in India (1990–2025) to gain insights into how such enterprises can generate livelihoods, cut down unfair discrimination-based unemployment, and promote social inclusion. It also emphasized the centrality of these businesses and supplied a justification for the model of inclusive policies.
Methodology : The paper adopted an exploratory research design, extensively utilizing secondary data from government reports, media, and organizational records. Fifty transgender-owned or managed businesses in 13 States/UTs of India were mapped and analyzed to find out the temporal, regional, and sectoral patterns.
Findings : The analysis showed a consistent increase in food, hospitality, beauty and wellness, and social service ventures, which demonstrated strong resistance in the face of systemic discrimination. Not only were transgender entrepreneurs self-employed, but they were also creating jobs, providing role models, and bringing about social change.
Practical Implications : The results provided evidence-based recommendations for policymakers, NGOs, and investors on how to plan specific funding, training, and skill development interventions to support trans-led businesses and advance the UN Sustainable Development Goals on gender equality and decent work.
Originality/Value : Empirical studies on transgender entrepreneurship in India remain rare. This first longitudinal mapping of trans-social enterprises offered a baseline dataset and analytical framework for future research while validating the economic and social potential of the transgender community.
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References
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